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The following article has been authored by John Heaney.   Compared to dissolution Apparatus 1 (Baskets) and Apparatus 2 (Paddles), Dissolution Apparatus 3: Biodissolution (the reciprocating cylinder) is quite rare.  However, it has some key advantages over the more common baskets and paddles which can make it very useful for key applications. Apparatus 3 consists of a glass cylinder with a mesh screen at the bottom moving up and down in a specified distance and rate within a glass dissolution vessel.  The dosage form is held within the glass cylinder.  Vessels are typically arranged in rows allowing the glass cylinder...

The following article has been authored by John Heaney. Calendared and sintered Stainless Steel (SS) mesh baskets are the norm for dissolution testing with good reason.  This mesh provides several benefits to the basket that not just improves it but makes it usable in a lab in the first place. Calendared mesh is made by taking the SS wire mesh and passing the mesh between two rollers held at a specific distance from each other.  The rollers press the high spots of the mesh, where the wires overlap, into the same height as the rest of the mesh.  This results...

The following article has been authored by John Heaney.  Like the reciprocating cylinder (Apparatus 3), the flow-through diffusion cell (Apparatus 4) is quite rare compared to baskets (Apparatus 1) and paddles (Apparatus 2).  But there are some distinct advantages to flow-through cell that can make it a boon to certain formulations. The design of the flow-through cell consists of a cell with specific dimensions with the dissolution media fed through it by a pump.  The dissolution media is typically stored in a reservoir.  The media can be recirculated which is referred to as a closed-system; or constantly dispensed and collected...

The following article has been authored by John Heaney.   While Immersion/Enhancer Cells and Vertical Diffusion/Franz cells are both used to test semi-solid dosage forms; the capabilities of each apparatus are important to understand before deciding which is best for your lab.  Testing of semi-solid dosage forms is broadly categorized into In-Vitro Permeation Testing (IVPT), and In-Vitro Release Testing (IVRT).  The types of testing serve very different purposes and have different requirements. IVPT is primarily used to simulate how a semi-solid dosage form will behave in-vivo or when a patient makes use of it.  This typically uses bio-relevant media and has...

The following article has been authored by John Heaney.   Deaeration, or degassing, of dissolution media is not required for every dissolution method, but when it is required it is critically important.  The USP Prednisone PVT requires deaeration of the dissolution media and the tablet is formulated to show whether or not the deaeration method is adequate.  Deaeration tends to have a larger impact on dissolution results as compared to other factors regarding the dissolution test.  How this shows itself can change depending both on the apparatus, and the dosage being tested. How to deaerate is largely up to the...